Daily Current Affairs UPSC 17 May 2024

National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA)

• NPPA has reduced the prices of medications for diabetes, hypertension, asthma, and other conditions.
• NPPA was established in 1997 by a government resolution to regulate drug pricing independently.
• NPPA operates as an attached office of the Department of Pharmaceuticals under the Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers.
• The functions of NPPA include implementing and enforcing the Drugs (Prices Control) Order, monitoring drug availability, addressing shortages, and advising the central government on drug policy changes.

RoseTTAFold

Overview of RoseTTAFold:

• Developed at the Institute for Protein Design at the University of Washington.
• Uses generative diffusion-based architectures (an AI model) to predict structural complexes.
• Integrates three types of information: sequential patterns in proteins, interplay between amino acids, and probable 3D configurations.

Capabilities of RoseTTAFold:

• The model can predict structures and interactions between any combination of protein, DNA, and RNA.
• Has the potential to revolutionize target discovery and understand drug-target interaction better.

Co-lending

• The Finance Ministry has requested the State Bank of India to create a committee to address co-lending concerns.
• Co-lending or co-origination is when multiple lenders collaborate to offer loans to borrowers, boosting lending capacity and lowering risk for each lender.
• According to the RBI, banks and NBFCs can co-lend loans to priority sectors, with NBFCs taking on at least 20% of the credit risk and banks taking on the rest.
• Banks are prohibited from forming co-lending partnerships with NBFCs that are part of the same promoter group.

Mitogenome

• The study focused on the mitogenome of South African leopards, which is a small circular chromosome found inside the mitochondria.
• Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell and are responsible for generating the energy needed to power cells.
• The mitogenome is made up of double-stranded DNA, similar to the nuclear genome, but is entirely maternal in nature.
• Unlike nuclear genomes, which are inherited equally from both parents, the mitogenome is only passed down maternally.

Plunging region

• The study conducted at Oxford University Physics confirmed the existence of plunging regions around black holes, as predicted by Einstein's theory of general relativity.
• Plunging regions are areas near black holes where matter no longer orbits the black hole but instead falls directly into it.
• According to Einstein's theory, particles cannot safely follow circular orbits close to a black hole, leading to the formation of plunging regions.
• These regions are known for exerting some of the most powerful gravitational forces in the galaxy.

Nor'westers

• India is in the process of creating its first research testbed to study Nor'westers, which are severe evening thunderstorms with squally winds.
• Nor'westers are caused by daytime landmass heating in March and April in eastern India, including states like Bihar, Jharkhand, and West Bengal.
• Also known as 'Kalbaisakhi' or 'Bardoli Chheerha' in different regions, these storms are considered a calamity of the month of Baisakh.
• Despite their destructive nature, Nor'westers are beneficial for tea, jute, and rice cultivation in the affected areas.

Insurance Surety Bonds (ISB)

• NHAI held a workshop to discuss the use of Insurance Surety Bonds (ISB) in National Highway contracts.
• ISBs are contracts involving three parties: the Principal (beneficiary), Contractor, and Surety Provider (Insurance Company).
• ISBs ensure that the contract will be completed according to the agreed terms between the Principal and Contractor.
• The government has elevated ISBs to the same level as Bank Guarantees.
• Increasing the use of ISBs will contribute to the growth and improvement of infrastructure in the country.

LUPEX

• The India-Japan joint moon mission, known as LUPEX, is expected to launch in the near future.
• LUPEX is focused on exploring the Moon to discover water and other resources, as well as to develop skills in surface exploration.
• This mission is a collaboration between Japan's JAXA, India's ISRO, and will also involve observation instruments from NASA and ESA.
• JAXA will be responsible for the lunar rover, while ISRO will handle the lander for the mission.

Sukhdev Thapar (1907-1931)

• Sukhdev Thapar, a freedom fighter, was honored on his birthday anniversary on May 15th.
• Sukhdev Thapar was born in Ludhiana, Punjab, and he played a significant role in educating the youth at the National College in Lahore.
• He was a member of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association and, along with other revolutionaries, founded the 'Naujawan Bharat Sabha' in Lahore in 1926.
• Sukhdev Thapar, along with Bhagat Singh and Rajguru, was arrested for their involvement in the Lahore Conspiracy Case, and they were hanged to death on March 23rd, which is now observed as Shaheed Diwas.
• Sukhdev Thapar is remembered for his values of courage, patriotism, leadership, and other noble qualities.

 India-US Strategic Dialogue on Africa II held in Washington DC

The purpose of the dialogue is to exchange ideas and discuss opportunities for collaboration in Africa, focusing on institutional, technical, and bilateral partnerships. This marks the first discussion on Africa between India and the US since the African Union became a permanent member of the G20 during India's leadership of the group.

Significance of Africa for India:

Strategic Importance of Africa for India:

• Africa plays a crucial role in India's maritime security and protection of trade in the Indian Ocean Region from piracy. 

Economic Significance of Africa for India:

• Africa's abundant natural resources, such as oil, gas, and minerals, as well as its growing market, offer opportunities for Indian businesses both in terms of demand and supply.

Energy Security Collaboration with Africa:

• Collaboration in the renewable energy sector, including initiatives like the International Solar Alliance, helps India and Africa work towards shared goals of sustainable development.

Multilateral Cooperation with African Countries:

• Engagement with African countries in multilateral forums like the UN, Commonwealth, and Non-Aligned Movement enhances India's global influence and opens up prospects for South-South cooperation.

Challenges in India-Africa Relations:

1. 1. China's increasing presence in Africa through the Belt and Road Initiative and investments is a challenge for India's interests in the region.
   2. Security concerns arise from ongoing conflicts and political instability in certain parts of Africa, which could impact Indian investments, expatriates, and development projects.
   3. African students have reported instances of harassment and discrimination, highlighting racial tensions that exist in India-Africa relations.

Initiatives by India to engage Africa:

Kampala Principles (2018): 

• Indian PM outlined 10 guiding principles for India-Africa partnership.
• Focus on developing together as equals and fostering local partnerships.

Asia-Africa Growth Corridor: 

• Initiative launched by India to enhance cooperation with African countries.
• Partnership with Japan to promote growth and development in the region.

Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation: 

• Offers capacity-building opportunities to professionals and students from African countries.
• Aimed at enhancing skills and knowledge exchange between India and Africa.

Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief: 

• Op Sahayata provided assistance to cyclone-hit Mozambique in 2019.
• Op Vanilla offered relief to flood victims in Madagascar in 2020.
• Demonstrates India's commitment to supporting African countries in times of crisis.

SAARC Secretary General Visits India

1. SAARC Secretary-General discusses regional cooperation in South Asia

• The Secretary-General of SAARC is talking about the current state of cooperation among South Asian countries within the organization.

2. SAARC has faced challenges since 2016

• SAARC has been struggling since the cancellation of the 19th Summit in Pakistan in 2016 due to concerns about terrorism.

3. India focuses on other groupings for cooperation

• India has been strengthening its cooperation with South Asian countries through other groupings like BIMSTEC and BBIN initiative, as SAARC has been largely dysfunctional.

4. SAARC Establishment and Membership: SAARC was established in 1985 through the SAARC Charter in Dhaka.

5. Member states of SAARC include India, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.

6. Secretariat Location: The SAARC Secretariat is located in Kathmandu.

7. Decision Making Process: Decisions at all levels within SAARC are made based on unanimity.

8. Exclusion of Bilateral and Contentious Issues: SAARC excludes bilateral and contentious issues from its deliberations.

Importance of SAARC for India

• Key component of India's Neighbourhood first policy.
• Platform to address shared regional challenges.
• Crucial for promoting economic integration in South Asia.

Factors contributing to SAARC's lack of success

• Imbalance of power between India and other member nations.
• Ongoing tensions between India and Pakistan hinder cooperation.
• Lack of mechanisms for conflict resolution within the organization.

SAARC Achievements: 

• The signing of the South Asian Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) aimed to lower customs duties within the region.
• The establishment of institutions such as the South Asian University in New Delhi and the SAARC International College in Bangladesh have promoted education and collaboration among member countries.
• The creation of the SAARC Development Fund has provided financial support for the development and welfare of member nations.

SC: State Must Follow Proper Procedure to Acquire Property

SC in Kolkata Municipal Corporation & Anr Vs Bimal Kumar Shah & Ors: Article 300A as a Constitutional and Human Right.

• The Supreme Court has ruled that Article 300A is both a constitutional right and a human right.
• Article 300A states that no person can be deprived of their property except by authority of law.

Key Highlights of the Judgment

• Fair procedure of law must be followed when depriving someone of their immovable property.
• The minimum content of the constitutional right to property includes seven sub-rights or procedures, which are not exhaustive.
• Compulsory acquisition of property will be considered unconstitutional if the proper procedure is not established or followed before depriving a person of their property.

Evolution of Right to Property in India

• Initially, the right to property was considered a fundamental right under Articles 19(1)(f) and 31 when the Constitution was first enacted in 1950.
• The 1st Constitutional Amendment in 1951 introduced Article 31A, which allowed for the acquisition of any estate even if it went against the rights guaranteed under Articles 14 and 19.
• The 44th Constitutional Amendment in 1978 changed the status of the right to property by removing it as a fundamental right. Instead, it was made a constitutional right under Article 300A.

Sub Rights under Article 300A:

• Right of Conclusion.
• Right to Notice.
• Right to be Heard.
• Right to a Reasoned Decision.
• Duty to Acquire Only for Public Purpose.
• Right of Constitution or Fair Compensation.
• Right to an Efficient And Expeditious Process.

"India Leads Global Internet Shutdowns in 2023: Report"

A recent report from the VPN tracker 'Top 10VPN' revealed that internet services were disrupted for a total of 7,956 hours in India, affecting approximately 59.1 million users.

Legal Basis for Internet Shutdown in India:

• Internet shutdowns in India are primarily authorized under the Temporary Suspension of Telecom Services (Public Emergency or Public Safety) Rules, 2017 and Section 144 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), 1973.
• Only the Union Home Secretary or State Home Secretary can issue orders for the suspension of Telecom Services.
• In certain circumstances, an officer of at least the rank of a Joint Secretary to the Union Government, authorized by the above-mentioned officials, may also issue such orders.
• Grounds for such orders include public emergency, public safety, sovereignty and integrity of India, among others.
• In addition, the rules established in 2017 include the formation of a review committee led by the Cabinet Secretary and State Chief Secretary for the respective Union and State governments.
• Despite the implementation of these Suspension Rules in 2017, Internet shutdowns have still been enforced under Section 144 of the CrPC by District Magistrates rather than at the Home Secretary level.

Important Judicial Pronouncement: Anuradha Bhasin vs. UoI (2020)

• In the case of Anuradha Bhasin vs. UoI (2020), the Supreme Court ruled that the freedom to practice any profession or carry on any trade, business, or occupation over the internet is protected by the Constitution under Article 19(1)(a) and Article 19(1)(g).

Key Recommendations from Parliamentary Standing Committee (2021)

• Selective Banning of Services: The committee recommended selectively restricting the use of certain services instead of implementing a complete ban on the internet.
• Effectiveness of Internet Shutdowns: The committee suggested conducting a study on the impacts of internet shutdowns and evaluating their effectiveness in addressing public safety and emergencies.

India's Telecom Diplomacy Celebrated on World Telecommunication Day

The practice of Telecom Diplomacy has facilitated the attraction of new business opportunities, the formation of partnerships, and the showcasing of India's dedication to maintaining its prominent role in the worldwide telecommunications industry.

Steps taken for Telecom Diplomacy

• Strategic Partnerships with partner countries and Telecom chip companies: India has established the 'US-India OpenRadio Access (ORAN) Network Acceleration Roadmap' to strengthen relationships and collaborations in the telecommunications sector.
• Exchange of Best Practices: Collaborations between India and the USA have allowed for the sharing of international best practices in areas such as spectrum allocation and quality of service assurance.
• Elevating R&D and Innovation: The Department of Telecommunications (DoT) in India has explored potential collaborations to enhance research and development, promote innovation, and support the startup ecosystem in Quantum Communications.
• Transforming India Mobile Congress (IMC): Efforts have been made to elevate IMC to a global event comparable to the Mobile World Congress by 2025.

Achievements of Telecom Diplomacy

• Export of Telecom Equipment: Indian companies have successfully exported Rs 25200 crores worth of telecom equipment and accessories in the past year, showcasing the growth and competitiveness of the Indian telecommunications industry.
• Securing Indian Interests in International Forums: India's active participation at the World Radio Conference (WRC) has helped safeguard spectrum for Indian operations in various domains, ensuring future 5G deployments.
• Hosting WTSA in India: The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA) will be held in India for the first time, allowing the country to influence the future direction of standards for the next generation of telecommunication systems.

NCBC Calls for OBC Reservation Increase in West Bengal and Punjab

Reservations in Public Employment:

• Currently, Punjab and West Bengal have reservation quotas of 37% and 45% respectively for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes (OBCs).
• Increasing the reservation quota for OBCs will ensure compliance with the Supreme Court's 50% ceiling on reservations for socially and educationally backward classes in the Indra Sawhney case.

National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC)

• The NCBC was established as a statutory body under the NCBC Act, 1993.
• It was granted Constitutional Status through the 102nd Constitution Amendment Act, 2018 with the addition of Article 338B.
• The commission is comprised of a Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson, and three other Members with the rank and pay of Secretary to the Government of India.
• NCBC is responsible for investigating and monitoring all matters concerning the safeguards provided for socially and educationally backward classes.
• The Commission advises the Central Government on OBC inclusion/exclusion requests from state or central governments.
• NCBC submits an annual report to the President and at other times as deemed necessary by the commission.
• If the Government disagrees with the commission's recommendations, it must provide reasons for its decision.